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RFID vs. NFC: Learn the pros and cons of each
While NFC is a subset of RFID technology, the two have some key differences, including cost and security. Learn more about RFID vs. NFC and which works best for your organization.
While near-field communication is a subset of RFID, both technologies come with specific advantages and limitations. Company leaders should learn the pros and cons of each so they can decide which technology is best for their organization.
RFID is more widely applicable across the supply chain, but near-field communication (NFC) has applications in manufacturing settings and can deliver information to retail consumers, among other applications. Other key differences between the technologies include cost and security.
Learn more about RFID vs. NFC, as well as the pros and cons for each technology.
What is RFID?
RFID is a type of wireless communication in which an RFID reader, which consists of a scanning antenna and transceiver, harnesses radio waves to send signals to an RFID tag, or transponder. When the tag's wave reaches the scanning antenna, the person using the RFID reader receives information about the object.
The core technology was conceived in the 1940s and tracked military shipments in the 1970s. RFID technology includes several variations that each work across different radio frequencies, data rates and distances. There are two types of RFID tags: active tags, which run on their own power; and passive tags, which use power from the reading antenna.
Supply chain uses for RFID include using tag readers to get information from individual products or shipping containers. In addition, smart tags can track environmental conditions for product boxes and record when products exceed temperature, vibration or humidity thresholds. Food companies can also use RFID systems to track livestock by injecting animals with tags.
What is NFC?
NFC is a subset of RFID technology that was initially designed to support short-range communication for mobile devices. Through magnetic field induction, NFC enables two devices to send messages when they're near one another. Today, NFC is part of all cell phones and most modern credit cards.
NFC is often used to open doors, link devices like Bluetooth headphones to a smartphone, and pay with a cell phone through services like Apple Pay or Google Pay.
A supermarket might put NFC tags on their food products so customers can use their smartphones to scan the tags and get more information about ingredients. NFC can also be useful in a manufacturing setting. For example, a worker can scan a machine's NFC tag to get information about how it works.
RFID pros and cons
RFID comes with some advantages and disadvantages.
Pros of RFID
The advantages of RFID include the following:
- RFID is far more configurable and customizable than NFC.
- Low-frequency RFID has a small read range, but low-frequency RFID waves can pass through water or metal. High-frequency systems can support ranges of a few inches to a few feet, while ultra-high frequency systems can range 25 feet or more.
- RFID can help a company keep costs down, improve data capture or meet other requirements. For example, RFID tags can monitor inventory in a cost-efficient way and record a product's history to give supply chain leaders more insight into the product shipping process.
Cons of RFID
The biggest disadvantage of RFID tags is their lack of security. Any user with the correct reader can access the information on the tag.
NFC pros and cons
Supply chain leaders should be aware of some of the disadvantages of NFC as well as its advantages.
Pros of NFC
While NFC isn't free from security weaknesses, it's more difficult for hackers to access than many other types of RFID because NFC sends information through magnetic field induction and the field fades faster.
Cons of NFC
Disadvantages of NFC include the following:
- NFC's short range can be a downside in various use cases. For example, NFC technology isn't a good fit if the user needs to scan tags on a long line of products stretching to the back of a shelf.
- NFC tags tend to be more expensive than many types of RFID tags because of the additional encryption cost. Because of this, NFC tags are less suited, for example, to a retail store where every item of clothing needs a tag.
What is the difference between RFID and NFC?
RFID includes a broad range of radio ID technologies that work across low, medium and high frequencies and can be passive or active, with active RFID usually powered by a battery. NFC is a subset of high-frequency RFID that supports encryption, is designed for short ranges and can be passive or active.
RFID use cases include supply chain and retail inventory, asset tracking, livestock tracking, road tolls and electronic passports. NFC use cases include contactless payments, hotel keys, device setup and smart locks.
RFID can operate over distances ranging from a few centimeters to tens of meters, depending on the radio technology and use case. Meanwhile, the limit of NFC’s range is about four centimeters.
RFID is generally used for one-way communication in which a reader requests data from a tag. However, information can be sent to tags as well. NFC enables two devices to exchange data, such as contact information, in a peer-to-peer network.
RFID can query hundreds of tags quickly, making the technology potentially useful for warehouses. In contrast, NFC is better suited for a single exchange, such as a credit card transaction or a swap of electronic business cards.
Cheaper RFID tags can only be queried and are not designed to store data. More expensive passive RFID tags can store small amounts of data, such as a few kilobytes, while active RFID tags can store megabytes of data.
NFC can store much larger amounts of data, particularly when used with devices like smartphones.
George Lawton is a journalist based in London. Over the last 30 years, he has written more than 3,000 stories about computers, communications, knowledge management, business, health and other areas that interest him.
