Network infrastructure
Network hardware and physical appliances, such as routers, switches, gateways, hubs and bridges, serve as the vital foundation of network infrastructure. Common network protocols and more emergent network software also play major roles in any architecture. While networking has shifted to software-centric principles, see how traditional network infrastructure keeps pace.
Top Stories
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Answer
09 Oct 2025
Traceroute vs. tracepath: What's the difference?
Traceroute and tracepath are essential network diagnostic command-line tools used to trace the path of data from source to destination, but they serve slightly different purposes. Continue Reading
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Tip
03 Oct 2025
Navigate networking with cable management software
Cable management software has become an essential tool for managers keeping track of thousands of network components. Before you buy, make sure you know what you're getting. Continue Reading
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Tip
01 Oct 2025
How to build a virtual network lab in the AI era
Network teams use virtual labs to test new network configurations and technologies. As AI integrates into networks, virtual labs must upgrade to handle their massive workloads. Continue Reading
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Definition
24 Sep 2025
What are global area networks (GANs)?
A global area network (GAN) is a type of network that connects devices and users on a global scale. Continue Reading
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Quiz
24 Sep 2025
Study for the CompTIA Network+ exam with this practice quiz
This practice quiz for the CompTIA Network+ N10-009 exam covers key networking concepts, operations, security and troubleshooting with 20 sample questions and answers. Continue Reading
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Tutorial
22 Sep 2025
How to build a network-aware CI/CD pipeline with GitLab and Ansible
Automation is becoming a common process for organizations to include in their networks. No matter what type of automation a network uses, their CI/CD pipeline should be network-aware. Continue Reading
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Definition
19 Sep 2025
What is artificial intelligence-radio access network (AI-RAN)?
An artificial intelligence-radio access network (AI-RAN) is an evolving technology that integrates AI into the conventional radio access networks (RANs) used to operate mobile networks and support network devices. Continue Reading
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Definition
17 Sep 2025
What is 5G-Advanced (5GA or 5.5G)?
5G-Advanced -- dubbed 5GA or 5.5G -- represents the latest iteration of 5G technology. Continue Reading
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Tip
17 Sep 2025
A configuration guide to Network Time Protocol
This guide explains NTP configuration across Linux, macOS and Windows systems. It covers architecture, troubleshooting and best practices for reliable network time synchronization. Continue Reading
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Definition
16 Sep 2025
What is a municipal wireless network (MWN)?
A municipal wireless network (MWN) is a town or city-wide implementation of a wireless network funded or supported by local government bodies. Continue Reading
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Definition
16 Sep 2025
What is 5G infrastructure?
5G infrastructure is the combination of hardware and software elements used to construct the fifth generation (5G) of the broadband cellular communication network. Continue Reading
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Tip
12 Sep 2025
Ansible vs. Terraform vs. Vagrant: What's the difference?
Ansible sets up networks agentlessly, Terraform manages cloud infrastructure and Vagrant creates consistent development environments. Each serves distinct network automation needs. Continue Reading
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Definition
12 Sep 2025
What is the application layer?
The application layer is at Layer 7, the top of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) communications model. It ensures that an application can communicate with other applications on different computer systems and networks. Continue Reading
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Answer
10 Sep 2025
What are the 6 components of structured cabling?
The six components of structured cabling are Entrance Facilities, Equipment Room, Backbone Cabling, Telecommunications Room, Horizontal Cabling and Work Area. Continue Reading
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Definition
10 Sep 2025
What is a Fibre Channel switch (FC switch)? How it works, benefits and comparison to Ethernet switch
A Fibre Channel (FC) switch is a networking device that's compatible with the FC protocol and designed for use in a dedicated storage area network (SAN). Continue Reading
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Definition
08 Sep 2025
What is an enterprise private network (EPN)?
An enterprise private network (EPN) is a type of private network used by an organization. Continue Reading
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Definition
05 Sep 2025
What is telecommunications (telecom)?
Telecommunications, also known as telecom, is the exchange of information over significant distances by electronic means and refers to all types of voice, data and video transmission. Continue Reading
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Tip
05 Sep 2025
A network cable management guide
When organizing cable clutter, network engineers should follow best practices, such as labeling, using cable ties and maintaining proper documentation, while avoiding trip hazards. Continue Reading
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Definition
26 Aug 2025
What is Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE)? How it works, benefits, challenges and use cases
Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE) is a storage protocol that enables Fibre Channel (FC) communications to run directly over Ethernet. Continue Reading
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Answer
25 Aug 2025
The differences between cloud, fog and edge computing
Cloud, edge and fog computing all support modern applications. Cloud computing offers centralized resources, edge enables real-time processing and fog connects them hierarchically. Continue Reading
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Definition
20 Aug 2025
What is Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE)?
Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE) is a network protocol that facilitates communication between network endpoints. Continue Reading
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Definition
18 Aug 2025
What is Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)?
Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) is a North American standardized digital communication protocol for synchronous data transmission over optical fibers. Continue Reading
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News
13 Aug 2025
Cisco data center SVP on AI, cloud evolution and competition
The company's data center and internet infrastructure leader said Cisco's strategy aims to match explosive artificial intelligence innovation. Continue Reading
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Tutorial
05 Aug 2025
How Ansible's Python framework enables network automation
Ansible's use of Python scripts creates a powerful network automation tool. This guide shows how to automate router tasks with Ansible in a GNS3 lab, such as VLAN setup and backup. Continue Reading
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Definition
04 Aug 2025
What is fiber to the home (FTTH)?
Fiber to the home (FTTH) is the installation and use of optical fiber from a central point to individual buildings to provide high-speed internet access. Continue Reading
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Definition
04 Aug 2025
What is an SDN controller (software-defined networking controller)?
A software-defined networking controller is an application in SDN architecture that manages Flow control for improved network management and application performance. Continue Reading
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Definition
01 Aug 2025
What is HAProxy?
HAProxy is a high-performance, open source load balancer and reverse proxy for TCP and HTTP applications. Continue Reading
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News
31 Jul 2025
DOJ firings spark fresh HPE-Juniper deal scrutiny
Reported involvement from intelligence agencies, lobbyists may have helped push the merger through before a planned antitrust trial, causing infighting at the Justice Department. Continue Reading
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Definition
31 Jul 2025
What is an unshielded twisted pair (UTP)?
Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is a ubiquitous type of copper cabling used in networking technologies, such as telephone wiring and local area networks (LANs). Continue Reading
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News
28 Jul 2025
Intel to spin off networking business in cost-cutting gambit
In a familiar move, the semiconductor giant's Network and Edge unit will operate independently with Intel's backing. Continue Reading
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Definition
28 Jul 2025
What is a content delivery network?
A content delivery network (CDN), also called a content distribution network, is a group of geographically distributed and interconnected servers. Continue Reading
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Definition
28 Jul 2025
What is ONOS (Open Network Operating System)?
ONOS (Open Network Operating System) is an OS designed to help network service providers build carrier-grade software-defined networks architected for high scalability, availability and performance. Continue Reading
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Video
24 Jul 2025
An explanation of telecommunications
Telecommunications is the electronic exchange of information across distances -- encompassing voice, data and video transmission -- to form global communication networks. Continue Reading
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Video
18 Jul 2025
An explanation of local area networks
Local area networks are interconnected systems that share resources within a limited geographic area. They can be wired, wireless or virtual, depending on workplace needs. Continue Reading
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Definition
15 Jul 2025
What is telematics?
Telematics is a term that combines the words 'telecommunications' and 'informatics' to describe the use of communications and IT to transmit, store and receive information from devices to remote objects over a network. Continue Reading
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Tip
15 Jul 2025
An introduction to satellite network architecture
Satellite network architecture consists of three segments: space, ground and control. Satellite networks enhance networking beyond terrestrial network capabilities. Continue Reading
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Opinion
08 Jul 2025
A look at HPE's strategy with Juniper, networking for AI
HPE's recent networking advancements and the completion of its Juniper Networks acquisition aim to reshape networking strategies for AI. Continue Reading
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Definition
08 Jul 2025
What is the domain name system (DNS)?
The domain name system (DNS) is a naming database in which internet domain names are located and translated into Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. Continue Reading
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Definition
08 Jul 2025
What is an SD-branch?
An SD-branch is a single, automated, centrally managed, software-centric platform that replaces or supplements an existing branch network architecture. Continue Reading
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Definition
08 Jul 2025
What is attenuation?
Attenuation is a general term referring to when any type of signal -- digital or analog -- reduces in strength. Continue Reading
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Definition
08 Jul 2025
What is a coaxial cable?
A coaxial cable -- or coax cable -- is a type of copper cable specially built with a metal shield and other components engineered to block signal interference. Continue Reading
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Definition
07 Jul 2025
What is a cloud radio access network (C-RAN)?
A cloud radio access network (C-RAN) is a centralized, cloud computing-based architecture for radio access networks. Continue Reading
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Definition
07 Jul 2025
What is a point of presence (PoP)?
A point of presence (PoP) is a point or physical location where two or more networks or communication devices build a connection from one place to the rest of the internet. Continue Reading
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Opinion
07 Jul 2025
Virtualization alternatives and AI: Lessons from HPE Discover
IT vendors continue to deliver VMware alternatives and expand infrastructure systems they offer to support enterprise AI workloads. Continue Reading
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Definition
07 Jul 2025
What is green networking?
Green networking is the practice of selecting energy-efficient networking technologies and products to minimize resource use whenever possible. Continue Reading
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Definition
07 Jul 2025
What is a host (in computing)?
A host is a computer or other device that communicates with other hosts on a network. Continue Reading
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Conference Coverage
07 Jul 2025
Cisco Live 2025 conference coverage and analysis
Cisco Live 2025 largely focused on the need to modernize infrastructure with AI capabilities. Use this guide to get all the conference news and analysis from this year. Continue Reading
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Definition
07 Jul 2025
What is ingress filtering?
Ingress filtering is a method used by enterprises and internet service providers to prevent suspicious traffic from entering a network. Continue Reading
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News
02 Jul 2025
Arista buys VeloCloud from Broadcom
Arista fills a gap in its portfolio with VeloCloud's SD-WAN capabilities. Continue Reading
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Definition
02 Jul 2025
What is a bogon?
A bogon is an illegitimate Internet Protocol address that falls into a set of IP addresses that haven't been officially assigned to an entity by an internet registration institute, such as the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). Continue Reading
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News
01 Jul 2025
HPE's Mottram touts key Aruba Networking AI advancements
The infrastructure company is injecting AI throughout its business, including its networking arm, which will harness the power of agentic AI. Continue Reading
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Feature
30 Jun 2025
3 pillars to enhance networks for agentic AI infrastructure
Agentic AI requires better network infrastructure to prevent wasted GPU capacity, built on three principles: simplified operations, scalable devices and a security-infused fabric. Continue Reading
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News
30 Jun 2025
DOJ clears road for HPE's $14B Juniper Networks acquisition
Juniper is now part of HPE. To close the deal, HPE agreed to sell off its Instant On wireless networking business and license source code for Juniper's Mist AIOps software. Continue Reading
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Opinion
24 Jun 2025
Cisco Live 2025 set the tone for AI, security in networking
The networking giant's latest products underscore the importance of agentic AI and security within computing infrastructure. Continue Reading
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News
12 Jun 2025
Cisco fortifies enterprise networking gear to support AI workloads
The company is aiming to help enterprises bolster security and resilience as they power up compute-intensive AI workloads. Continue Reading
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Tutorial
12 Jun 2025
An introduction to network automation with Ansible
Ansible gives administrators additional control over how they configure devices. These tips and tricks help give you a head start in learning what Ansible can do. Continue Reading
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News
10 Jun 2025
Cisco intros latest network, security innovations for AI era
Cisco has unveiled its latest innovations aimed at helping customers navigate through the critical infrastructure needed for agentic AI. Continue Reading
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News
10 Jun 2025
Rodney Clark: Cisco 360 resonating with partners
During Cisco Live, Cisco is emphasizing the importance of partners in its value chain. Continue Reading
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Feature
06 Jun 2025
The demands of AI on network as a service
An expert panel at ONUG's AI Networking Summit Spring 2025 gave insight into the future of AI in networking, particularly in NaaS environments. Continue Reading
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Definition
03 Jun 2025
What is signal-to-noise ratio and how is it measured?
A signal-to-noise ratio compares the strength of a desired signal with any undesired signals created by background noise. Continue Reading
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Tip
28 May 2025
Examine the 4 types of edge computing, with examples
Edge computing is popular, but it's not going to benefit every IoT device or workload. Look at the various types of edge computing and examples. Are you ready to push it to the edge? Continue Reading
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Definition
22 May 2025
What is the OSI model? The 7 layers of OSI explained
The OSI model (Open Systems Interconnection model) is a multilayered reference model that shows how computer systems and applications communicate over a network. Continue Reading
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Opinion
19 May 2025
How AIOps enables next-generation networking
As networks grow more complex, management becomes more difficult. AIOps can help network administrators transition to and manage next-generation networks. Continue Reading
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Feature
15 May 2025
BGP routing: A configuration and troubleshooting tutorial
BGP is the internet's core routing protocol, enabling communication between ISPs and large networks. This guide covers its functionality, configuration and troubleshooting essentials. Continue Reading
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Definition
15 May 2025
What is shielded twisted pair (STP) and how does it work?
Shielded twisted pair (STP) is a kind of cable made up of smaller wires where each small pair of wires is twisted together and has an outer coating to electrically shield it. Continue Reading
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Definition
08 May 2025
What is a capacitor (capacitance)?
A capacitor is a passive electronic component that stores electrical charge. Continue Reading
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Definition
08 May 2025
What is 1000BASE-T (Gigabit Ethernet)?
1000BASE-T is a Gigabit Ethernet standard that operates at a speed of 1 gigabit per second (Gbps) over copper wiring. Continue Reading
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Definition
07 May 2025
What is DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)?
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a network management protocol used to dynamically assign an Internet Protocol (IP) address to any device on a network so it can communicate. Continue Reading
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Definition
06 May 2025
What is Routing Information Protocol (RIP)?
Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a distance vector protocol that uses hop count as its primary metric. Continue Reading
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Definition
30 Apr 2025
What is data center interconnect (DCI)?
Data center interconnect (DCI) technology links two or more data centers so they can share resources. Continue Reading
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Definition
24 Apr 2025
What is MIMO (multiple input, multiple output)?
MIMO (multiple input, multiple output) is an antenna technology for wireless communications in which multiple antennas are used at both the source (transmitter) and the destination (receiver). Continue Reading
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Definition
24 Apr 2025
What is network traffic?
Network traffic is the amount of data that moves across a network during any given time. Continue Reading
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Definition
23 Apr 2025
What is network availability?
Network availability is how long a network system is in uptime over a specific time interval. Continue Reading
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Definition
23 Apr 2025
What is NFV MANO (network functions virtualization management and orchestration)?
NFV MANO (network functions virtualization management and orchestration), or just MANO, is an architectural framework used to manage and orchestrate virtual network functions (VNFs) and other software components. Continue Reading
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Definition
22 Apr 2025
What is traffic shaping (packet shaping)?
Traffic shaping, also known as packet shaping, is a congestion management method that regulates network data transfer by delaying the flow of less important or less desired packets. Continue Reading
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Definition
21 Apr 2025
What is dynamic and static?
In general, dynamic means 'energetic or forceful,' while static means 'stationary.' Continue Reading
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Tip
16 Apr 2025
The pros and cons of quantum networking
Quantum networking promises secure, high-speed communication -- someday. There are huge practical challenges, including fragility, cost and integration with traditional networks. Continue Reading
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Definition
14 Apr 2025
What is open networking?
Open networking describes a network that uses open standards and commodity hardware. Continue Reading
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Answer
03 Apr 2025
Application vs. network load balancing: What's the difference?
Network load balancing and application load balancing both handle traffic requests. However, they process and direct requests with different levels of speed and efficiency. Continue Reading
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Tip
02 Apr 2025
How to set up a VLAN for enterprise networks
Network administrators configure VLANs to enhance network security and performance. Learn how to set up a VLAN, from configuration steps and best practices to troubleshooting tips. Continue Reading
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Definition
02 Apr 2025
What is Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)?
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) is the protocol that enables the internet's global routing system. Continue Reading
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Definition
01 Apr 2025
What is multiplexing and how does it work?
Multiplexing, or 'muxing,' is a way of sending multiple signals or streams of information over a communications link at the same time in the form of a single, complex signal. Continue Reading
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Definition
31 Mar 2025
What is a programmable network (network programmability)?
A programmable network is one in which software that operates independently of network hardware handles the behavior of network devices and flow control. Continue Reading
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Definition
31 Mar 2025
What is the data link layer in the OSI model?
The data link layer is the protocol layer in a program that handles how data moves in and out of a physical link in a network. Continue Reading
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Definition
31 Mar 2025
What is port address translation (PAT)?
Port address translation (PAT) is a type of network address translation (NAT) that maps a network's private internal IPv4 addresses to a single public Internet Protocol address by using network ports. Continue Reading
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Definition
25 Mar 2025
What is IT operations (IT ops)?
The term IT operations (IT ops) describes the many processes and services an IT department manages and maintains within an organization. Continue Reading
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Definition
25 Mar 2025
What is software-defined networking (SDN)?
Software-defined networking (SDN) is a networking approach in which software is used to easily configure and centrally manage IT networks. Continue Reading
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Tip
24 Mar 2025
Wi-Fi 6 vs. Wi-Fi 6E vs. Wi-Fi 7: What are the differences?
Wi-Fi standards continue to evolve. The three most recent standards -- Wi-Fi 6, Wi-Fi 6E and Wi-Fi 7 -- build on each other's capabilities, but all have their own unique features. Continue Reading
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Definition
21 Mar 2025
What is network topology?
A network topology is the physical and logical arrangement of nodes and connections in a network. Continue Reading
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Definition
17 Mar 2025
What is the Server Message Block (SMB) protocol? How does it work?
The Server Message Block (SMB) protocol is a client-server communication protocol used for sharing access to files, printers, serial ports and other resources on a network. Continue Reading
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Definition
17 Mar 2025
What is User Datagram Protocol (UDP)?
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a communications protocol primarily used to establish low-latency and loss-tolerating connections between applications on the internet. Continue Reading
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Definition
13 Mar 2025
What are managed network services?
Managed network services are networking applications, functions and services that a managed service provider (MSP) remotely operates, monitors and maintains for an enterprise. Continue Reading
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Definition
12 Mar 2025
What is a network interface card (NIC)?
A network interface card (NIC) is a hardware component, typically a circuit board or chip, installed on a computer so it can connect to a network. Continue Reading
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Tip
10 Mar 2025
The 4 different types of wireless networks
The four types of wireless networks -- wireless LAN, wireless MAN, wireless PAN and wireless WAN -- differ in size, range and connectivity requirements. Continue Reading
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Definition
07 Mar 2025
What is a network node?
A network node is a connection point in a communications network. Continue Reading
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Definition
07 Mar 2025
What is a proxy server? Definition and use cases
A proxy server is an intermediary between a user and the internet. It's a dedicated computer or software-driven service that acts as an intermediary or gateway between an endpoint or client device, such as a computer, and a server on the internet. Continue Reading
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Definition
07 Mar 2025
What is Telnet?
Telnet is a network protocol used to remotely access a computer for a text-based communication channel between two machines. Continue Reading
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Definition
05 Mar 2025
What are port numbers and how do they work?
A port number is a way to identify a specific process to which an internet or other network message is to be forwarded when it arrives at a server. Continue Reading
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Tip
05 Mar 2025
802.11 standards: How do 802.11ac, 802.11ax, 802.11be differ?
Wi-Fi standards -- 802.11ac, 802.11ax and 802.11be -- differ based on frequency bands, spatial streams and maximum data rates, with 802.11be offering the most significant improvements. Continue Reading
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Definition
04 Mar 2025
What is a router?
A router is a physical or virtual appliance that passes information between two or more packet-switched computer networks. Continue Reading
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Tip
04 Mar 2025
Types of DNS servers and how they work, plus security threats
DNS security is a critical component of system administration. Learn about five types of DNS servers, what each does and the security threats each server faces. Continue Reading
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Tip
04 Mar 2025
How to troubleshoot common routing errors
It's important to troubleshoot routing errors to minimize network disruptions. Common errors rooted in BGP and OSPF include misconfigurations and various unmet neighbor requirements. Continue Reading