Enterprise resource planning (ERP)

Terms related to business, including definitions about project management and words and phrases about human resources, finance and vertical industries.

360 - CFO

360-degree customer view - The 360-degree customer view is the idea that companies can get a complete view of customers by aggregating data from the various touch points in which consumers interact with companies.
3PL (third-party logistics) - A 3PL (third-party logistics) provider offers outsourced logistics services, which encompass anything that involves management of one or more facets of procurement and fulfillment activities.
4-D printing (four-dimensional printing) - 4-D printing is additive manufacturing that prints objects capable of transformation and, in some cases, self-assembly.
5 Whys (Five Whys) - Five Whys, sometimes written as '5 Whys,' is a guided team exercise for identifying the root cause of a problem.
70 percent rule for productivity - According to the 70 percent rule, which has its roots in athletics, employees are most productive when a majority of their time is spent working at a less intense pace.
70-20-10 (70-20-10 rule) - 70-20-10 is a formula that describes how someone learns to do their job.
A/B testing (split testing) - A/B testing, sometimes called split testing, is an assessment tool for identifying which version of something helps an individual or organization meet a business goal more effectively.
ABC analysis (Pareto analysis) - ABC analysis, also known as Pareto analysis, is a method used to categorize something according to its importance or value in a given context.
ABC classification - ABC classification is a ranking system for identifying and grouping items in terms of how useful they are for achieving business goals.
account-based marketing (ABM) - Account-based marketing (ABM) is a business-to-business (B2B) strategy that focuses sales and marketing resources on targeted accounts within a specific market.
accountability - Accountability is an assurance that an individual or an organization is evaluated on its performance or behavior related to something for which it is responsible.
accounts receivable (AR) - Accounts receivable (AR) is an item in the general ledger (GL) that shows money owed to a business by customers who have purchased goods or services on credit.
acquisition plan - An acquisition plan, in the context of procurement, is a business document specifying all relevant considerations for the processes involved with acquiring goods, services or other organizations.
acronym - An acronym (pronounced AK-ruh-nihm, from Greek acro- in the sense of extreme or tip and onyma or name) is an abbreviation of several words in such a way that the abbreviation itself forms a word.
action item - An action item is a discrete task that must be accomplished, usually by a single individual or a small team or group.
action plan - An action plan is a document that lists what steps must be taken to achieve a specific goal.
actionable intelligence - Actionable intelligence is information that can be followed up on, with the further implication that a strategic plan should be undertaken to make positive use of the information gathered.
ad hoc - Ad hoc is an adjective used to describe things that are created on the spot, usually for a single use.
adhocracy - Adhocracy is a business management and corporate culture model based the ability to adapt quickly to changing conditions.
advanced shipping notice (ASN) - Advanced shipping notice (ASN) is a document that provides detailed information about a pending delivery.
Agile project management (APM) - Agile project management (APM) is an iterative approach to planning and guiding project processes.
AIDA marketing model - The AIDA marketing model is a marketing, advertising and sales approach methodology designed to provide insight into the customer's mind and represent the steps needed to cultivate leads and generate sales.
AIOps (artificial intelligence for IT operations) - AIOps is an umbrella term for the use of big data analytics, machine learning and other AI technologies to automate the identification and resolution of common IT issues.
Alphabet, Inc. - Alphabet, Inc.
Amazon effect - The Amazon effect is the ongoing evolution of the retail market, both online and in physical outlets, resulting from increased e-commerce.
Amazon Prime - Amazon Prime is a subscription membership to Amazon that offers customers premium services for a yearly or monthly fee.
ANSI/ISA-95 - ANSI/ISA-95, more commonly referred to as ISA-95, is an international standard for enterprise and control systems integration developed for manufacturers.
Apex (Salesforce) - Salesforce Apex is a Microsoft-certified framework for building software as a service (SaaS) apps on top of Salesforce's customer relationship management (CRM) functionality.
Apple Authorized Reseller (AAR) - An Apple Authorized Reseller (AAR) is a business partner that has entered into a contractual relationship with Apple Computer Inc.
application portfolio management (APM) - Application portfolio management (APM) is a framework for managing enterprise IT software applications and software-based services.
application rationalization (AR) - Application rationalization is the process of identifying which business applications should be kept, replaced, retired or consolidated across an organization to improve business operations.
Appreciative inquiry (AI) - Appreciative Inquiry (AI) is a change management approach that focuses on identifying what is working well, analyzing why it is working well and then doing more of it.
ASAP, ALAP and ATAP - ASAP, ATAP and ALAP are acronyms that stand for, respectively, as soon as possible, as timely as possible and as late as possible.
asset performance management (APM) - Asset performance management (APM) is both a strategy and a set of software tools for tracking and managing the health of an organization's physical assets.
Aura framework - Aura is a user interface framework for developing dynamic Web apps for mobile and desktop devices.
authentic leadership - Authentic leadership is a type of management style in which people act in a real, genuine and sincere way that is true to who they are as individuals.
authoritarian leadership - Authoritarian leadership is a management style in which an individual has total control over making decisions for a group or organization, with little or no input from his or her subordinates.
availability bias - In psychology, the availability bias is the human tendency to rely on information that comes readily to mind when evaluating situations or making decisions.
B2B2C (business-to-business-to-consumer) - B2B2C (business-to-business-to-consumer) adds consumer e-commerce to the B2B (business-to-business) model, allowing a company to market its product or service more effectively by entering a B2B relationship with a company whose expertise is selling online.
backdoor selling - Backdoor selling is the unscrupulous practice of seeking information beyond what is publicly available as a means of gaining a competitive advantage for a contract or sale.
Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) - The Bank Secrecy Act (BSA), also known as the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act, is legislation passed by the United States Congress in 1970 that requires U.
barcode (or bar code) - A barcode (sometimes seen as two words, bar code) is the small image of lines (bars) and spaces that is affixed to retail store items, identification cards and postal mail to identify a particular product number, person or location.
barter economy - A barter economy is a cashless economic system in which services and goods are traded at negotiated rates.
benefits administration - Benefits administration is the process of assembling and managing the benefits an organization provides to employees.
best practice - A best practice is a standard or set of guidelines that is known to produce good outcomes if followed.
Betteridge's law (of headlines) - Betteridge's law (of headlines) is an adage that states "Any headline that ends in a question mark can be answered by the word no.
BIC (bank identifier code) - A bank identifier code (BIC) is a unique identifier for a specific financial institution.
Big 4 - The Big 4 are the four largest international accounting and professional services firms.
big box store - A big box store is a very large brick and mortar retail location which sells a variety of merchandise, usually at a low price.
bill of lading (BoL, B/L) - A bill of lading (also seen as B/L and BoL) is a document given to a shipper by the carrier that details the shipment and serves as a means of transferring the title of goods.
bill of materials (BOM) - A bill of materials (BOM) is a comprehensive inventory of the raw materials, assemblies, subassemblies, parts and components, as well as the quantities of each, needed to manufacture a product.
bimodal IT (bimodal information technology) - Bimodal IT is a two-tiered IT operations model that allows for the creation of IT systems and processes that are stable and predictable as well as agile and fast.
Bitcoin Cash (BCH) - Bitcoin Cash (BCH) is an altcoin version of the popular Bitcoin cryptocurrency.
BizDevOps (Business, Development and Operations) - BizDevOps, also known as DevOps 2.
blackout period - A blackout period is a duration of time when access to something usually available is prohibited.
blockchain economy - The blockchain economy is a scenario and potential future environment in which the technology replaces current monetary systems, potentially on a global basis.
boil the ocean - To boil the ocean, in a business context, is to increase the scope of a project or task until it is practically impossible to accomplish as envisioned.
book of business - Book of business is another name for an account or client list.
BOOT (build, own, operate and transfer) - BOOT (build, own, operate, transfer) is a project funding model based on a financial agreement between a private contractor and a public organization.
Bootstrap - Bootstrap is a free, open source front-end development framework for the creation of websites and web apps.
brainstorming - Brainstorming is a group problem-solving method that involves the spontaneous contribution of creative ideas and solutions.
brand ambassador - A brand ambassador is an advocate of a particular company's products and services.
brand recognition - Brand recognition is the extent to which a consumer can correctly identify a particular product or service just by viewing the product or service's logo, tag line, packaging or advertising campaign.
bright-line rule - A bright-line rule, also known as a bright-line test, is a directly-stated law or standard that is worded to avoid room for interpretation and also contains a break-down of objectives.
broken window theory - Broken window theory is the concept that each problem that goes unattended in a given environment affects people's attitude toward that environment and leads to more problems.
brownfield (brownfield deployment, brownfield site) - A brownfield deployment, in information technology, is the installation and configuration of new hardware or software that must coexist with legacy IT systems.
budgeting, planning and forecasting (BP&F) - Budgeting, planning and forecasting (BP&F) is a three-step strategic planning process for determining and detailing an organization's long- and short-term financial goals.
Bullwhip Effect - The bullwhip effect is a supply chain phenomenon describing how small fluctuations in demand at the retail level can cause progressively larger fluctuations in demand at the wholesale, distributor, manufacturer and raw material supplier levels.
business capability - Business capabilities are one way of representing the highest conceptual-level view of an enterprise architecture.
business case - A business case is a written or verbal value proposition that is intended to educate a decision maker and convince them to take some kind of action.
business continuity management (BCM) - Business continuity management (BCM) is a framework for identifying an organization's risk of exposure to internal and external threats.
business continuity plan audit - A business continuity plan audit is a formalized method for evaluating how business continuity processes are being managed.
business impact analysis (BIA) - A business impact analysis (BIA) is a systematic process to determine and evaluate the potential effects of an interruption to critical business operations as a result of a disaster, accident or emergency.
business innovation - Business innovation is an organization's process for introducing new ideas, workflows, methodologies, services or products.
business integration - Business integration is a strategy whose goal is to synchronize IT and business cultures and objectives and align technology with business strategy and goals.
business metric - A business metric is a quantifiable measure businesses use to track, monitor and assess the success or failure of various business processes.
business model - A business model is the conceptual structure supporting the viability of a business, including its purpose, its goals and its plans for achieving them.
business plan - A business plan is a document demonstrating the feasibility of a prospective new business and providing a roadmap for its first several years of operation.
business process - A business process is an activity or set of activities that accomplish a specific organizational goal.
business process improvement (BPI) - Business process improvement (BPI) is a practice in which enterprise leaders analyze their business processes to identify areas where they can improve accuracy, effectiveness and efficiency and then make changes within the processes to realize these improvements.
business process mapping - Business process mapping is the visual display of the steps within a business process showing how it's done from start to finish.
business process modeling - Business process modeling, often called process modeling, is the analytical representation or illustration of an organization's business processes.
Business Process Modeling Language (BPML) - Business Process Modeling Language (BPML) is an XML standard metalanguage used to outline business processes in an easy-to-understand way.
business resilience - Business resilience is the ability an organization has to quickly adapt to disruptions while maintaining continuous business operations and safeguarding people, assets and overall brand equity.
business rules engine (BRE) - A business rules engine (BRE) is a software component that allows non-programmers to add or change business logic in a business process management (BPM) system.
business services - Business services is a general term that describes work that supports a business but does not produce a tangible commodity.
business structure - A business structure is a category of organization that is legally recognized in a given jurisdiction and characterized by the legal definition of that particular category.
business sustainability - Business sustainability, also known as corporate sustainability, is the management and coordination of environmental, social and financial demands and concerns to ensure responsible, ethical and ongoing success.
BYOD (bring your own device) - BYOD (bring your own device) is a policy that allows employees in an organization to use their personally owned devices for work-related activities.
C-Level (C-Suite) - C-level, also called the C-suite, is a term used to describe high-ranking executive titles in an organization.
call center agent (call center representative) - A call center agent is a person who handles incoming or outgoing customer calls for a business.
call center schedule adherence - Call center schedule adherence is a standard metric used in business call centers to determine whether call center agents are working the amount of time they are scheduled to work.
Campbell's Law - Campbell's Law is the observation that once a metric has been identified as a primary indicator for success, its ability to accurately measure success tends to be compromised.
candidate experience - Candidate experience reflects a person's feelings about going through a company's job application process.
Capability Maturity Model (CMM) - The Capability Maturity Model (CMM) is a methodology used to develop and refine an organization's software development process.
Capex (capital expenditure) - A capital expenditure (Capex) is money invested by a company to acquire or upgrade fixed, physical, non-consumable assets, such as buildings and equipment or a new business.
case study - In a business context, a case study is a documented implementation of something, such as a practice, a product or a service.
catchball - Catchball is an approach to decision-making in an organization or group where ideas are pitched from one individual to another throughout the group’s hierarchy and divisions.
CEO (Chief Executive Officer) - The chief executive officer (CEO) is the top position in an organization and responsible for implementing existing plans and policies, improving the company's financial strength, supporting ongoing digital business transformation and setting future strategy.
CFO (Chief Financial Officer) - CFO (Chief Financial Officer) is the corporate title for the person responsible for managing the company's financial operations and strategy.

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