Artificial intelligence

Terms related to artificial intelligence (AI), including definitions about machine learning and words and phrases about training data, algorithms, natural language processing, neural networks and automation.

fine-tuning - Fine-tuning is the process of taking a pretrained machine learning model and further training it on a smaller, targeted data set.
first-order logic - First-order logic (FOL) refers to logic in which the predicate of a sentence or statement can only refer to a single subject.
flux - In physics, flux is a measure of the number of electric or magnetic field lines passing through a surface in a given amount time.
forward chaining - Forward chaining is the logical process of inferring unknown truths from known data and moving forward using determined conditions and rules to find a solution.
Fréchet inception distance (FID) - Fréchet inception distance (FID) is a metric for quantifying the realism and diversity of images generated by generative adversarial networks (GANs).
fuzzy logic - Fuzzy logic is an approach to computing based on "degrees of truth" rather than the usual "true or false" (1 or 0) Boolean logic on which the modern computer is based.
Gaussian splatting - Gaussian splatting renders extremely high-quality images -- using numerous scans of an object -- that can then be viewed from any angle and explored in real time.
Gemma - Gemma is a collection of lightweight open source generative AI models designed mainly for developers and researchers.
generative adversarial network (GAN) - A generative adversarial network (GAN) is a machine learning (ML) model in which two neural networks compete with each other by using deep learning methods to become more accurate in their predictions.
generative design - Generative design is a computer-aided design technique and category of software that uses AI to optimize the design process.
generative modeling - Generative modeling is the use of artificial intelligence (AI), statistics and probability in applications to produce a representation or abstraction of observed phenomena or target variables that can be calculated from observations.
Google AI - Google AI, formerly known as Google Research, is Google's artificial intelligence (AI) research and development branch for its AI applications.
Google AI Overviews, formerly Google Search Generative Experience (SGE) - Google AI Overviews is a feature in Google search that uses generative AI (GenAI) to deliver short synopses of topics alongside links to relevant web content in response to certain search queries.
Google Duplex - Google Duplex is an artificial intelligence (AI) technology that mimics a human voice and makes phone calls on a person's behalf.
Google Search Labs - Google Search Labs is a program from Alphabet's Google division to provide new capabilities and experiments for Google Search in a preview format before they become publicly available.
GPT-3 - GPT-3, or the third-generation Generative Pre-trained Transformer, is a neural network machine learning model trained using internet data to generate any type of text.
gradient descent - Gradient descent is an optimization algorithm that refines a machine learning (ML) model's parameters to create a more accurate model.
graph database - A graph database, also referred to as a semantic database, is a software application designed to store, query and modify network graphs.
Hadoop - Hadoop is an open source distributed processing framework that manages data processing and storage for big data applications in scalable clusters of computer servers.
Hadoop as a service (HaaS) - Hadoop as a service (HaaS), also known as Hadoop in the cloud, is a big data analytics framework that stores and analyzes data in the cloud using Hadoop.
Hugging Face - Hugging Face is a machine learning and data science platform and community that helps users build, deploy and train machine learning models.
hyperautomation - Hyperautomation is a framework and a set of advanced technologies for scaling automation in the enterprise.
IBM Watson supercomputer - Watson was a supercomputer designed and developed by IBM.
image recognition - Image recognition, in the context of machine vision, is the ability of software to identify objects, places, people, writing and actions in digital images.
image-to-image translation - Image-to-image translation is a generative artificial intelligence (AI) technique that translates a source image into a target image while preserving certain visual properties of the original image.
immersive virtual reality (immersive VR) - Immersive virtual reality (immersive VR) is the presentation of an artificial environment that replaces users' real-world surroundings convincingly enough that they can suspend disbelief and fully engage with the created environment.
intelligent agent - An intelligent agent is a program that can make decisions or perform a service based on its environment, user input and experiences.
intelligent character recognition (ICR) - Intelligent character recognition (ICR) is the computer translation of manually entered text characters into machine-readable characters.
intelligent process automation (IPA) - Intelligent process automation (IPA) is a combination of technologies used to manage and automate digital processes.
intelligent system - An intelligent system is an advanced computer system that can gather, analyze and respond to the data it collects from its surrounding environment.
intelligent workflow - Intelligent workflow is an orchestration method that integrates analytics, AI, machine learning and automation.
knowledge engineering - Knowledge engineering is a field of artificial intelligence (AI) that tries to emulate the judgment and behavior of a human expert in a given field.
knowledge-based systems (KBSes) - Knowledge-based systems (KBSes) are computer programs that use a centralized repository of data known as a knowledge base to provide a method for problem-solving.
LangChain - LangChain is an open source framework that lets software developers working with artificial intelligence (AI) and its machine learning subset combine large language models with other external components to develop LLM-powered applications.
language modeling - Language modeling, or LM, is the use of various statistical and probabilistic techniques to determine the probability of a given sequence of words occurring in a sentence.
large language model operations (LLMOps) - Large language model operations (LLMOps) is a methodology for managing, deploying, monitoring and maintaining LLMs in production environments.
law of large numbers - The law of large numbers is a principle of probability according to which the frequencies of events with the same likelihood of occurrence even out, given enough trials or instances.
lemmatization - Lemmatization is the process of grouping together different inflected forms of the same word.
lexical ambiguity - Lexical ambiguity is the potential for multiple interpretations of spoken or written language that renders it difficult or impossible to understand without some additional information.
linear regression - Linear regression identifies the relationship between the mean value of one variable and the corresponding values of one or more other variables.
linguistic ambiguity - Linguistic ambiguity is a quality of language that makes speech or written text open to multiple interpretations.
Lisp (programming language) - Lisp, an acronym for list processing, is a functional programming language that was designed for easy manipulation of data strings.
logical equivalence - Logical equivalence is the condition of equality that exists between two statements or sentences in propositional logic or Boolean algebra.
machine learning algorithm - A machine learning algorithm is the method by which the AI system conducts its task, generally predicting output values from given input data.
machine learning bias (AI bias) - Machine learning bias, also sometimes called algorithm bias or AI bias, is a phenomenon that occurs when an algorithm produces results that are systemically prejudiced due to erroneous assumptions in the machine learning process.
machine learning operations (MLOps) - Machine learning operations (MLOps) is the development and use of machine learning models by development operations (DevOps) teams.
machine teaching - Machine teaching is the practice of infusing context -- and often business consequences -- into the selection of training data used in machine learning (ML) so that the most relevant outputs are produced by the ML algorithms.
machine translation - Machine translation technology enables the conversion of text or speech from one language to another using computer algorithms.
machine vision - Machine vision is the ability of a computer to see; it employs one or more video cameras, analog-to-digital conversion and digital signal processing.
machine-to-machine (M2M) - Machine-to-machine, or M2M, is a broad label that can be used to describe any technology that enables networked devices to exchange information and perform actions without the manual assistance of humans.
MICR (magnetic ink character recognition) - MICR (magnetic ink character recognition) is a technology invented in the 1950s that's used to verify the legitimacy or originality of checks and other paper documents.
model card in machine learning - A model card is a type of documentation that is created for, and provided with, machine learning models.
multimodal AI - Multimodal AI is artificial intelligence that combines multiple types, or modes, of data to create more accurate determinations, draw insightful conclusions or make more precise predictions about real-world problems.
named entity recognition (NER) - Named entity recognition (NER) is a natural language processing (NLP) method that extracts information from text.
narrow AI (weak AI) - Narrow AI is an application of artificial intelligence technologies to enable a high-functioning system that replicates -- and perhaps surpasses -- human intelligence for a dedicated purpose.
natural language generation (NLG) - Natural language generation (NLG) is the use of artificial intelligence (AI) programming to produce written or spoken narratives from a data set.
natural language processing (NLP) - Natural language processing (NLP) is the ability of a computer program to understand human language as it’s spoken and written -- referred to as natural language.
natural language query - A natural language query is input that consists solely of terms or phrases spoken normally or entered as they might be spoken, without any non-language characters, such as the plus symbol or the asterisk, and without any special format or alteration of syntax.
natural language understanding (NLU) - Natural language understanding (NLU) is a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) that uses computer software to understand input in the form of sentences using text or speech.
neural net processor - A neural net processor is a central processing unit (CPU) that holds the modeled workings of how a human brain operates on a single chip.
neuro-symbolic AI - Neuro-symbolic AI combines neural networks with rules-based symbolic processing techniques to improve artificial intelligence systems' accuracy, explainability and precision.
neuromorphic computing - Neuromorphic computing is a method of computer engineering in which elements of a computer are modeled after systems in the human brain and nervous system.
neurosynaptic chip - A neurosynaptic chip, also known as a cognitive chip, is a computer processor that is designed to function more like a biological brain than a typical central processing unit (CPU).
Nvidia Omniverse - Nvidia Omniverse is a computing platform built to enhance digital design and development by integrating 3D design, spatial computing and physics-based workflows across Nvidia tools, third-party apps and AI services.
object recognition - Object recognition is at the convergence points of robotics, machine vision, neural networks and AI.
OCR (optical character recognition) - OCR (optical character recognition) is the use of technology to distinguish printed or handwritten text characters inside digital images of physical documents, such as a scanned paper document.
OpenAI - OpenAI is a private research laboratory that aims to develop and direct artificial intelligence (AI) in ways that benefit humanity as a whole.
over sampling and under sampling - Over sampling and under sampling are techniques used in data mining and data analytics to modify unequal data classes to create balanced data sets.
overfitting in machine learning - Overfitting in machine learning occurs when a model excessively fits the training data, capturing both relevant patterns and inconsequential noise, resulting in inaccurate predictions of new data.
Pathways Language Model (PaLM) - The Pathways Language Model is the name of a family of AI large language models developed by Google.
pattern recognition - Pattern recognition is the ability to detect arrangements of characteristics or data that yield information about a given system.
perceptron - A perceptron is a simple model of a biological neuron in an artificial neural network.
personalization engine - A personalization engine is a tool used by businesses to collect and analyze customer behavior and data to create a customized user experience -- including special offers, product recommendations and automated marketing efforts -- in an e-commerce setting.
prediction error - A prediction error is the failure of some expected event to occur.
predictive modeling - Predictive modeling is a mathematical process used to predict future events or outcomes by analyzing patterns in a given set of input data.
prescriptive analytics - Prescriptive analytics is a type of data analytics that provides guidance on what should happen next.
prompt chaining - Prompt chaining is a technique used when working with generative AI models in which the output from one prompt is used as input for the next.
prompt engineering - Prompt engineering is an AI engineering technique encompassing the process of refining LLMs with specific prompts and recommended outputs, as well as the process of refining input to various generative AI services to generate text or images.
PyTorch - PyTorch is an open source machine learning (ML) framework based on the Python programming language and the Torch library.
Q-learning - Q-learning is a machine learning approach that enables a model to iteratively learn and improve over time by taking the correct action.
quantum interference - Quantum interference is when subatomic particles interact with and influence themselves and other particles while in a probabilistic superposition state.
R programming language - The R programming language is an open source scripting language for predictive analytics and data visualization.
recommendation engine - A recommendation engine is a system that gives customers recommendations based upon their behavior patterns and similarities to people who might have shared preferences.
recurrent neural networks - A recurrent neural network (RNN) is a type of artificial neural network commonly used in speech recognition and natural language processing.
reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) - Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) is a machine learning approach that combines reinforcement learning techniques, such as rewards and comparisons, with human guidance to train an artificial intelligence (AI) agent.
responsible AI - Responsible AI is an approach to developing and deploying artificial intelligence (AI) from both an ethical and legal point of view.
retrieval-augmented generation - Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is an AI framework that retrieves data from external sources.
Retrieval-Augmented Language Model pre-training - A Retrieval-Augmented Language Model, also referred to as REALM or RALM, is an artificial intelligence language model designed to retrieve text and then use it to perform question-based tasks.
robot - A robot is a machine designed to execute one or more tasks automatically with speed and precision.
robot economy - The robot economy is a scenario in which most of the labor required to sustain human life is automated.
robotic process automation (RPA) - Robotic process automation (RPA) is a technology that mimics the way humans interact with software to perform high-volume, repeatable tasks.
robotic surgery (robot-assisted surgery) - Robotic surgery is the use of computer technologies working in conjunction with robot systems to perform medical procedures.
Salesforce Einstein - Salesforce Einstein refers to an integrated set of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies developed for the Salesforce Customer Relationship Management (CRM) platform.
self-driving car (autonomous car or driverless car) - A self-driving car -- sometimes called an autonomous car or driverless car -- is a vehicle that uses a combination of sensors, cameras, radar and artificial intelligence (AI) to travel between destinations without a human operator.
sentiment analysis - Sentiment analysis, also referred to as 'opinion mining,' is an approach to natural language processing (NLP) that identifies the emotional tone behind a body of text.
singularity - In technology, the singularity describes a hypothetical future where technology growth is out of control and irreversible.
Siri - Siri is Apple's virtual assistant for iOS, macOS, tvOS and watchOS devices that uses voice recognition and is powered by artificial intelligence (AI).
smart farming - Smart farming is a management concept focused on providing the agricultural industry with the infrastructure to leverage advanced technology – including big data, the cloud and the internet of things (IoT) – for tracking, monitoring, automating and analyzing operations.
smart machines - A smart machine is a device embedded with machine-to-machine and/or cognitive computing technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML) or deep learning, all of which it uses to reason, solve problems, make decisions and even take action.
social robot - A social robot is an artificial intelligence (AI) system that is designed to interact with humans and other robots.